格列喵

• in which

Government reports, examination compositions, legal documents and most business letters are the main in which formal language is used.

(in the situation)

例子1:

I saw a in which the villain goes to jail.

=I saw a movie. The villain goes to jail.

=I saw a movie in which the villain goes to jail.

例子2:

You have 7 days in which you can cancel the contract and get your money back. 

你有七天的時間可以取消合約跟拿回你的錢。

=You have 7 days.
=You can cancel the contract and get your money back in the 7 days.

• by which

1. 介係詞前置

 He came back late, by which time all the guests have already left.

(by the time到……的時候)

He come back late.

By the time all the guest have already left.

The name by which he was known at school_前句 is Spiderman_後句.

（他以「蜘蛛人」的綽號在學校內非常有名）

He was known by a nickname at school.

His nickname is ‘Spiderman’

2. 意思 「藉由者…」 (前句是後句的動作結果)

One of the ways by which he learns English_前句 is taking online English courses to practice his oral English_後句.

前句﹕He learns English in many ways.
後句﹕He takes online English courses to practice his oral English.

3. whereby = by which 的正式語氣 (用於學術、契約等)= 由此、從而、藉以
4. in so doing(如此一來)

They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over a two-year period.

We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other.

• at which = 「在…某一點之上」【介係詞前置 】

The picture at which everybody is starring  was painted by Da Vinci.

那幅人人都在望的畫是達文西的作品)

Everybody is starring at the picture.

The picture was painted by Da Vinci.

• for which= 「為了….」【介係詞前置 】

I will buy you the reference book for which you asked.

(我會買你提過的那本參考書給你)

➡I will buy you the reference book

➡The reference book which you ask for.

• on which= 「在…上面」 【介係詞前置 】

  You can take my key from my desk on which there are many photos.

{你可以在我的桌上拿我的鑰匙，我的桌上有很多照片)

You can take my key from my desk.

There are many photos on my desk.

• Whereof

= of which ( whereof較為正式 多半用於學術文件 二者可互換)

The British museum is exhibiting the Dead Sea Scroll(n.) whereof some fragments are still lost.

whereof 也可以代表名詞子句，作為主句一部分

I understand whereof the Dead Sea Scroll lost their fragments. 我明白死海古卷組成部分，其殘片已遺失。

(在此whereof並沒有形容修飾功能，所以可以用whereof但不能用of which)

hereby(adv.)以此，特此

I hereby pronounce you man and wife. 我特此宣佈你們結為夫妻。

herein (adv.) 於此，在這方面

The people have no faith in their government, and herein lies the root of the problem.

thereby (adv.) 因此，由此；從而

Diets that are high in saturated fat clog up our arteries, thereby reducing the blood flow to our hearts and brains.

高飽和脂肪和高膽固醇的飲食容易阻塞我們的動脈，從而減少向心臟和大腦的供血。